A Chromatic Symmetric Function in Noncommuting Variables

In [12], Stanley associated with a graph G a symmetric function XG which reduces to G’s chromatic polynomial XG(n) under a certain specialization of variables. He then proved various theorems generalizing results about XG(n), as well as new ones that cannot be interpreted on the level of the chromatic polynomial. Unfortunately, XG does not satisfy a Deletion-Contraction Law which makes it difficult to apply the useful technique of induction. We introduce a symmetric function YG in noncommuting variables which does have such a law and specializes to XG when the variables are allowed to commute. This permits us to further generalize some of Stanley’s theorems and prove them in a uniform and straightforward manner. Furthermore, we make some progress on the (3+1)-free Conjecture of Stanley and Stembridge [14].